Language testing unavoidably has potential effects or washback, either positive or negative, upon instruction and learning. 摘要语言测试对课堂教学和学习总是存在不同程度的积极或消极的影响，即反拨作用。
With the development of the linguistics and teaching methodology, testing methods also change. 随着语言学和语言教学理论的发展，语言测试方法也随之变化。
